Stuff You Missed in History Class podcast

Stuff You Missed in History Class

Join Holly and Tracy as they bring you the greatest and strangest Stuff You Missed In History Class in this podcast by iHeartRadio.

Join Holly and Tracy as they bring you the greatest and strangest Stuff You Missed In History Class in this podcast by iHeartRadio.

 

#2402

SYMHC Classics: Madame Blavatsky

This 2020 episode covers the iconic figure of mysticism, Madame Blavatsky. She was the founder of the theosophical movement, and lived a life of adventure that's hard to believe. See [omnystudio.com/listener] (https://omnystudio.com/listener) for privacy information. ... Read more

2 hrs Ago

46 MINS

46:56

2 hrs Ago


#2401

Behind the Scenes Minis: Society for Disastrous Accidents

Holly talks about the many, many organizations that Joaquín Torres-García formed. Tracy discusses how there was no plan in place before the SL-1 accident to deal with radioactive bodies. See [omnystudio.com/listener] (https://omnystudio.com/listener) for privacy information. ... Read more

Yesterday

16 MINS

16:22

Yesterday


#2400

The SL-1 Reactor Incident

The Stationary Low-Power Plant Number 1 was a small boiling-water reactor built at the National Reactor Testing Station, west of Idaho Falls, Idaho. On January 3, 1961, during a restart of the reactor, a catastrophic tragedy unfolded when the reactor went supercritical. Research: ---Divison of Technical Information Extension, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. “SL-1 The Accident, Phases I and II.” https://www.osti.gov/sciencecinema/biblio/1129428 ---Francisco, A.D. and E. T. Tomlinson. “Analysis of the SL-1 Accident Using RELAP5-3D.” Bettis Atomic Power Laboratory. 2007 International RELAP5 User’s Seminar. November 7 -9, 2007. https://inis.iaea.org/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/39/038/39038759.pdf?r=1 ---Idaho National Laboratory. “SL-1, Idaho: Just the Facts.” https://factsheets.inl.gov/FactSheets/Just%20the%20Facts_SL-1.pdf ---O’Connor, Bryan. “Supercritical: SL-1 Nuclear Reactor Explosion.” NASA. September 2007. https://sma.nasa.gov/docs/default-source/safety-messages/safetymessage-2007-09-01-sl1nuclearreactorexplosion-vits.pdf ---McKeown, William. “Idaho Falls: The Untold Story of America’s First Nuclear Accident.” ECW Press. 2003. ---Perry, E.F. “Stationary Low Power Reactor No. 1 (SL-1) Accident Site Decontamination & Dismantlement Project.” Lockheed Martin Idaho Technologies. 10/27/1995. https://inis.iaea.org/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/27/029/27029475.pdf?r=1 ---SL-1 Accident Briefing Report - 1961 Nuclear Reactor Meltdown Educational Documentary. United States: N. p., 2013. Web. https://www.osti.gov/sciencecinema/biblio/1122857 ---Sommers, Bryan W. “Idaho Falls: The First Nuclear Meltdown in America’s History.” 4/11/2024. https://www.argonelectronics.com/blog/idaho-falls-first-nuclear-meltdown-in-americas-history ---Stacy, Susan M. “Proving the Principle.” Idaho Operations Office of the Department of Energy Idaho Falls, Idaho. 2000. ---U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. “IDO Report on the Nuclear Incident at the SL-1 Reactor, January 3, 1961, National Reactor Testing Station.” U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Idaho Operations Office. ---US Atomic Energy Commission. “REPORT ON THE SL-1 INCIDENT, JANUARY 3, 1961” https://archive.org/details/SL1PressRelease1961 ---Wander, Steve, executive editor. “Supercritical.” System Failure Case Studies. Vol. 1, Issue 4. https://sma.nasa.gov/docs/default-source/safety-messages/safetymessage-2007-09-01-sl1nuclearreactorexplosion.pdf See [omnystudio.com/listener] (https://omnystudio.com/listener) for privacy information. ... Read more

18 Dec 2024

43 MINS

43:25

18 Dec 2024


#2399

Joaquín Torres-García

Joaqu&iacute;n Torres-Garc&iacute;a was Uruguayan-born artist who wanted to bring Constructivism and Modernism to Latin America, and worked for much of his life promoting the idea that Latin-American voices should be part of the Modernist art movement. Research: &middot; Bollar, Gorki. &ldquo;Primitive Paintings: Connections to Realism and Constructivism.&rdquo;Leonardo, vol. 17, no. 1, 1984, pp. 17&ndash;19.JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/1574851 &middot; Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Joaqu&iacute;n Torres-Garc&iacute;a".Encyclopedia Britannica, 4 Aug. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Joaquin-Torres-Garcia &middot; Duncan, Barbara. &ldquo;Exploring New Horizons in Latin American Contemporary Art.&rdquo; Revista: Harvard Review of Latin America. Dec. 30, 2001. https://revista.drclas.harvard.edu/exploring-new-horizons-in-latin-american-contemporary-art/ &middot; Grimson, Karen. &ldquo;JOAQU&Iacute;N TORRES-GARC&Iacute;A&rsquo;S CREATIVE PARADOX.&rdquo;INTI, no. 83/84, 2016, pp. 261&ndash;65.JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/26309985 &middot; Jimenez, Maya, Dr. &ldquo;Joaquin Torres-Garcia, Inverted America.&rdquo; Smart History. Aug. 9, 2015. https://smarthistory.org/Torres-Garcia-inverted-america/ &middot; &ldquo;Joaqu&iacute;n Torres-Garc&iacute;a.&rdquo; Art Collection. https://artcollection.io/artist/5ce4801004726600179036b4#:~:text=He%20worked%20on%20the%20first,la%20Sagrada%20Familia%20in%20Barcelona. &middot; &ldquo;Joaqu&iacute;n Torres Garc&iacute;a.&rdquo; Centro Cultura Regoleta. http://cvaa.com.ar/04ingles/04biografias_en/torres_garcia_en.php &middot; &ldquo;Joaqu&iacute;n Torres-Garc&iacute;a.&rdquo; Guggenheim. https://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/artist/joaquin-Torres-Garcia &middot; &ldquo;Joaquin Torres Garcia (1874-1949).&rdquo; National Museum of Visual Art. https://mnav.gub.uy/cms.php?a=4 &middot; &ldquo;Joaqu&iacute;n Torres-Garc&iacute;a.&rdquo; National Gallery of Art. https://www.nga.gov/collection/artist-info.2518.html &middot; &ldquo;Joaqu&iacute;n Torres-Garc&iacute;a.&rdquo; Hutchinson Modern & Contemporary. https://hutchinsonmodern.com/artists/40-joaquin-Torres-Garcia/biography/<a href="https://hutchinsonmodern.com/artists/40/works/"></a>Medina, Alvaro. &ldquo;Torres-Garc&iacute;a and the Southern School.&rdquo; ArtNexus. https://www.artnexus.com/en/magazines/article-magazine-artnexus/5ebf04481ae60a0ea57baa18/3/Torres-Garcia-and-the-southern-school &middot; Museo Torres Garcia. &ldquo;bio.&rdquo; https://www.torresgarcia.org.uy/bio.php &middot; ROMMENS, AARNOUD. &ldquo;Latin American Abstraction: Upending Joaqu&iacute;n Torres-Garc&iacute;a&rsquo;sInverted Map.&rdquo;Mosaic: An Interdisciplinary Critical Journal, vol. 51, no. 2, 2018, pp. 35&ndash;58.JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/90021965 &middot; Torres, Celia de. &ldquo;Constructing Abstraction with Wood: Joaqu&iacute;n Torres-Garc&iacute;a.&rdquo; Literal. Issue 18. April 18, 2012. https://literalmagazine.com/constructing-abstraction-with-wood-joaquin-Torres-Garcia/ See [omnystudio.com/listener] (https://omnystudio.com/listener) for privacy information. ... Read more

16 Dec 2024

33 MINS

33:41

16 Dec 2024


#2398

SYMHC Classics: Demon Core

This 2020 episode covers the sphere of plutonium-gallium alloy that the U.S. made for use in an atomic bomb during World War II known as the Demon Core was It was the source of two fatal criticality accidents. See [omnystudio.com/listener] (https://omnystudio.com/listener) for privacy information. ... Read more

14 Dec 2024

34 MINS

34:11

14 Dec 2024


#2397

Behind the Scenes Minis: Complicated Ely

Tracy relays how Sarah Winnemucca's story inspired this week's episodes, though they were recorded about a month apart, and also how Ely S. Parker is one of the most complicated figures she has ever written about. See [omnystudio.com/listener] (https://omnystudio.com/listener) for privacy information. ... Read more

13 Dec 2024

06 MINS

06:43

13 Dec 2024


#2396

Ely S. Parker and Ulysses S. Grant (Part 2)

While working for the Treasury Department, Ely S. Parker met someone who would become a big part of much of the rest of his life &ndash; Ulysses S. Grant. It was through this connection that Parker gained a good deal of power, and cemented a controversial legacy. Research: &middot; Adams, James Ring. &ldquo;The Many Careers of Ely Parker.&rdquo; National Museum of the American Indian. Fall 2011. &middot; Babcock, Barry. &ldquo;The Story of Donehogawa, First Indian Commissioner of Indian Affairs.&rdquo; ICT. 9/13/2018. https://ictnews.org/archive/the-story-of-donehogawa-first-indian-commissioner-of-indian-affairs &middot; Contrera, Jessica. &ldquo;The interracial love story that stunned Washington &mdash; twice! &mdash; in 1867.&rdquo; Washington Post. 2/13/2019. https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2019/02/13/interracial-love-story-that-stunned-washington-twice/ &middot; DeJong, David H. &ldquo;Ely S. Parker Commissioner of Indian Affairs (April 26, 1869&ndash;July 24,1871).&rdquo; From Paternalism to Partnership: The Administration of Indian Affairs, 1786&ndash;2021. University of Nebraska Press. (2021). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv2cw0sp9.29 &middot; Eves, Megan. &ldquo;Repatriation and Reconciliation: The Seneca Nation, The Buffalo History Museum and the Repatriation of the Red Jacket Peace Medal.&rdquo; Museum Association of New York. 5/26/2021. https://nysmuseums.org/MANYnews/10559296 &middot; Genetin-Pilawa, C. Joseph. &ldquo;Ely Parker and the Contentious Peace Policy.&rdquo; Western Historical Quarterly , Vol. 41, No. 2 (Summer 2010). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/westhistquar.41.2.0196 &middot; Genetin-Pilawa, C. Joseph. &ldquo;Ely S. Parker and the Paradox of Reconstruction Politics in Indian Country.&rdquo; From &ldquo;The World the Civil War Made. Gregory P. Downs and Kate Masur, editors. University of North Carolina Press. July 2015. &middot; Ginder, Jordan and Caitlin Healey. &ldquo;Biographies: Ely S. Parker.&rdquo; United States Army National Museum. https://www.thenmusa.org/biographies/ely-s-parker/ &middot; Hauptman, Laurence M. &ldquo;On Our Terms: The Tonawanda Seneca Indians, Lewis Henry Morgan, and Henry Rowe Schoolcraft, 1844&ndash;1851.&rdquo; New York History , FALL 2010, Vol. 91, No. 4 (FALL 2010). https://www.jstor.org/stable/23185816 &middot; Henderson, Roger C. &ldquo;The Piikuni and the U.S. Army&rsquo;s Piegan Expedition.&rdquo; Montana: The Magazine of Western History. Spring 2018. https://mhs.mt.gov/education/IEFA/HendersonMMWHSpr2018.pdf &middot; Hewitt, J.N.B. &ldquo;The Life of General Ely S. Parker, Last Grand Sachem of the Iroquois and General Grant's Military Secretary.&rdquo; Review. The American Historical Review, Vol. 25, No. 4 (Jul., 1920). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1834953 &middot; Historical Society of the New York Courts. &ldquo;Blacksmith v. Fellows, 1852.&rdquo; https://history.nycourts.gov/case/blacksmith-v-fellows/ Historical Society of the New York Courts. &ldquo;Ely S. Parker.&rdquo; https://history.nycourts.gov/figure/ely-parker/ &middot; Historical Society of the New York Courts. &ldquo;New York ex rel. Cutler v. Dibble, 1858.&rdquo; https://history.nycourts.gov/case/cutler-v-dibble/ &middot; Hopkins, John Christian. &ldquo;Ely S. Parker: Determined to Make a Difference.&rdquo; Native Peoples Magazine, Vol. 17 Issue 6, p78, Sep/Oct2004. &middot; Justia. &ldquo;Fellows v. Blacksmith, 60 U.S. 366 (1856).&rdquo; https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/60/366/ &middot; Michaelsen, Scott. &ldquo;Ely S. Parker and Amerindian Voices in Ethnography.&rdquo; American Literary History , Winter, 1996, Vol. 8, No. 4 (Winter, 1996). https://www.jstor.org/stable/490115 &middot; Mohawk, John. &ldquo;Historian Interviews: John Mohawk, PhD.&rdquo; PBS. Warrior in Two Worlds. https://www.pbs.org/warrior/content/historian/mohawk.html &middot; National Parks Service. &ldquo;Ely Parker.&rdquo; Appomattox Court House National Historical Park. https://www.nps.gov/people/ely-parker.htm &middot; Parker, Arthur C. &ldquo;The Life of General Ely S. Parker: Last Grand Sachem of the Iroquois and General Grant&rsquo;s Military Secretary.&rdquo; Buffalo Historical Society. 1919. &middot; Parker, Ely S. &ldquo;Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs.&rdquo; December 23, 1869. Parker, Ely. Letter to Harriet Converse, 1885. https://teachingamericanhistory.org/document/letter-to-harriet-converse/ PBS. &ldquo;A Warrior in Two Worlds: The Life of Ely Parker.&rdquo; https://www.pbs.org/warrior/noflash/ &middot; Spurling, Ann, producer and writer and Richard Young, director. &ldquo;Warrior in Two Worlds.&rdquo; Wes Studi, Narrator. WXXI. 1999. https://www.pbs.org/video/wxxi-documentaries-warrior-two-worlds/ &middot; Vergun, David. &ldquo;Engineer Became Highest Ranking Native American in Union Army.&rdquo; U.S. Department of Defense. 11/2/2021. https://www.defense.gov/News/Feature-Stories/Story/Article/2781759/engineer-became-highest-ranking-native-american-in-union-army/ See [omnystudio.com/listener] (https://omnystudio.com/listener) for privacy information. ... Read more

11 Dec 2024

43 MINS

43:24

11 Dec 2024


#2395

Ely S. Parker and the Tonawanda Seneca (Part 1)

Ely S. Parker was instrumental in the creation of President President Ulysses S. Grant&rsquo;s &ldquo;peace policy." Parker was Seneca, and he was the first Indigenous person to be placed in a cabinet-level position in the U.S. and the first Indigenous person to serve as Commissioner of Indian Affairs. Research: &middot; Adams, James Ring. &ldquo;The Many Careers of Ely Parker.&rdquo; National Museum of the American Indian. Fall 2011. &middot; Babcock, Barry. &ldquo;The Story of Donehogawa, First Indian Commissioner of Indian Affairs.&rdquo; ICT. 9/13/2018. https://ictnews.org/archive/the-story-of-donehogawa-first-indian-commissioner-of-indian-affairs &middot; Contrera, Jessica. &ldquo;The interracial love story that stunned Washington &mdash; twice! &mdash; in 1867.&rdquo; Washington Post. 2/13/2019. https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2019/02/13/interracial-love-story-that-stunned-washington-twice/ &middot; DeJong, David H. &ldquo;Ely S. Parker Commissioner of Indian Affairs (April 26, 1869&ndash;July 24,1871).&rdquo; From Paternalism to Partnership: The Administration of Indian Affairs, 1786&ndash;2021. University of Nebraska Press. (2021). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv2cw0sp9.29 &middot; Eves, Megan. &ldquo;Repatriation and Reconciliation: The Seneca Nation, The Buffalo History Museum and the Repatriation of the Red Jacket Peace Medal.&rdquo; Museum Association of New York. 5/26/2021. https://nysmuseums.org/MANYnews/10559296 &middot; Genetin-Pilawa, C. Joseph. &ldquo;Ely Parker and the Contentious Peace Policy.&rdquo; Western Historical Quarterly , Vol. 41, No. 2 (Summer 2010). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/westhistquar.41.2.0196 &middot; Genetin-Pilawa, C. Joseph. &ldquo;Ely S. Parker and the Paradox of Reconstruction Politics in Indian Country.&rdquo; From &ldquo;The World the Civil War Made. Gregory P. Downs and Kate Masur, editors. University of North Carolina Press. July 2015. &middot; Ginder, Jordan and Caitlin Healey. &ldquo;Biographies: Ely S. Parker.&rdquo; United States Army National Museum. https://www.thenmusa.org/biographies/ely-s-parker/ &middot; Hauptman, Laurence M. &ldquo;On Our Terms: The Tonawanda Seneca Indians, Lewis Henry Morgan, and Henry Rowe Schoolcraft, 1844&ndash;1851.&rdquo; New York History , FALL 2010, Vol. 91, No. 4 (FALL 2010). https://www.jstor.org/stable/23185816 &middot; Henderson, Roger C. &ldquo;The Piikuni and the U.S. Army&rsquo;s Piegan Expedition.&rdquo; Montana: The Magazine of Western History. Spring 2018. https://mhs.mt.gov/education/IEFA/HendersonMMWHSpr2018.pdf &middot; Hewitt, J.N.B. &ldquo;The Life of General Ely S. Parker, Last Grand Sachem of the Iroquois and General Grant's Military Secretary.&rdquo; Review. The American Historical Review, Vol. 25, No. 4 (Jul., 1920). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1834953 &middot; Historical Society of the New York Courts. &ldquo;Blacksmith v. Fellows, 1852.&rdquo; https://history.nycourts.gov/case/blacksmith-v-fellows/ Historical Society of the New York Courts. &ldquo;Ely S. Parker.&rdquo; https://history.nycourts.gov/figure/ely-parker/ &middot; Historical Society of the New York Courts. &ldquo;New York ex rel. Cutler v. Dibble, 1858.&rdquo; https://history.nycourts.gov/case/cutler-v-dibble/ &middot; Hopkins, John Christian. &ldquo;Ely S. Parker: Determined to Make a Difference.&rdquo; Native Peoples Magazine, Vol. 17 Issue 6, p78, Sep/Oct2004. &middot; Justia. &ldquo;Fellows v. Blacksmith, 60 U.S. 366 (1856).&rdquo; https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/60/366/ &middot; Michaelsen, Scott. &ldquo;Ely S. Parker and Amerindian Voices in Ethnography.&rdquo; American Literary History , Winter, 1996, Vol. 8, No. 4 (Winter, 1996). https://www.jstor.org/stable/490115 &middot; Mohawk, John. &ldquo;Historian Interviews: John Mohawk, PhD.&rdquo; PBS. Warrior in Two Worlds. https://www.pbs.org/warrior/content/historian/mohawk.html &middot; National Parks Service. &ldquo;Ely Parker.&rdquo; Appomattox Court House National Historical Park. https://www.nps.gov/people/ely-parker.htm &middot; Parker, Arthur C. &ldquo;The Life of General Ely S. Parker: Last Grand Sachem of the Iroquois and General Grant&rsquo;s Military Secretary.&rdquo; Buffalo Historical Society. 1919. &middot; Parker, Ely S. &ldquo;Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs.&rdquo; December 23, 1869. Parker, Ely. Letter to Harriet Converse, 1885. https://teachingamericanhistory.org/document/letter-to-harriet-converse/ PBS. &ldquo;A Warrior in Two Worlds: The Life of Ely Parker.&rdquo; https://www.pbs.org/warrior/noflash/ &middot; Spurling, Ann, producer and writer and Richard Young, director. &ldquo;Warrior in Two Worlds.&rdquo; Wes Studi, Narrator. WXXI. 1999. https://www.pbs.org/video/wxxi-documentaries-warrior-two-worlds/ &middot; Vergun, David. &ldquo;Engineer Became Highest Ranking Native American in Union Army.&rdquo; U.S. Department of Defense. 11/2/2021. https://www.defense.gov/News/Feature-Stories/Story/Article/2781759/engineer-became-highest-ranking-native-american-in-union-army/ See [omnystudio.com/listener] (https://omnystudio.com/listener) for privacy information. ... Read more

09 Dec 2024

33 MINS

33:53

09 Dec 2024


#2394

SYMHC Classics: Scurvy

This 2020 episode covers scurvy, a deficiency in vitamin C. Its story goes way back in history – all the way to our evolutionary ancestors living more than 60 million years ago.  See [omnystudio.com/listener] (https://omnystudio.com/listener) for privacy information. ... Read more

07 Dec 2024

37 MINS

37:09

07 Dec 2024


#2393

Behind the Scenes Minis: Impossible Shoes

Tracy talks about getting listener requests, and wonders about the details of one the stories from Monday's show. Tracy and Holly talk about the size of Lynn, Massachusetts, and Holly waxes rhapsodic about shoes.  See [omnystudio.com/listener] (https://omnystudio.com/listener) for privacy information. ... Read more

06 Dec 2024

17 MINS

17:29

06 Dec 2024


#2392

Jan Ernst Matzeliger

The shoes you’re wearing today likely were made possible by an invention from the late 19th century. But the inventor of that machine, who had little to no formal education, didn’t really get to enjoy the fruits of his labor. Research: ·     “29c Jan E. Matzeliger single.” Smithsonian National Postal Museum. https://postalmuseum.si.edu/object/npm_1993.2015.160 ·     Biography.com Editors. “Jan Matzeliger Biography.” Biography.com. June 24, 2020. https://www.biography.com/inventors/jan-matzeliger ·     Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Jan Ernst Matzeliger". Encyclopedia Britannica, 11 Sep. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jan-Ernst-Matzeliger. ·     “Brockton lasters Strike.” The Daily Item. August 8, 1887. https://www.newspapers.com/image/945617821/?match=1&terms=lasters%20strike ·     Curry, Sheree R. “Jan Ernst Matzeliger Made Modern Footwear Accessible.” USA Today. Feb. 17, 2023. https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2023/02/17/jan-ernst-matzeliger-black-shoe-inventor/11154017002/ ·     “Death of Earnest Matzeliger.” The Daily Item. Aug. 26, 1889. https://www.newspapers.com/image/945605665/?match=1&terms=Matzeliger ·     “Jan Ernst Matzeliger.” National Inventors Hall of Fame. https://www.invent.org/inductees/jan-ernst-matzeliger ·     “Jan Matzlieger ‘Lasting Machine.’” Massachusetts Institute of Technology. https://lemelson.mit.edu/resources/jan-matzlieger ·     Kaplan, Sydney. “JAN EARNST MATZELIGER AND THE MAKING OF THE SHOE.” Journal of Negro History. Volume 40, Number 1. January 1955. https://doi.org/10.2307/2715446 ·     Matzeliger, J.E. “Lasting Machine.” U.S. Patent Office. March 20, 1883. https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/0274207 ·     “Matzeliger’s Invention Changed the World.” The Daily Item. Aug. 10, 1999. https://www.newspapers.com/image/948726215/?match=1&terms=Matzeliger ·     Morgan, Stuart. “The birth of the lasting machine.” Satra. https://www.satra.com/bulletin/article.php?id=2501 ·     Smeulders, V.  (2017, May 31). Matzeliger, Jan Ernst. Oxford African American Studies Center. Retrieved 25 Nov. 2024, from https://oxfordaasc.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195301731.001.0001/acref-9780195301731-e-74508 ·     Thompson, Ross. “The Path to Mechanized Shoe Production in the United States.” University of North Carolina Press. 2001.   See [omnystudio.com/listener] (https://omnystudio.com/listener) for privacy information. ... Read more

04 Dec 2024

33 MINS

33:47

04 Dec 2024


#2391

Six Impossible Episodes: Listener Requests III

This episode includes six stories requested by listeners that wouldn't quite work as standalone episodes. The topics include: Nellie Cashman, Ela of Salisbury, Charles "Teenie" Harris, Jane Gaugain, Edward A. Carter Jr., and Alice Ball. Research: ·       National Parks Service. “Nellie Cashman.” https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/nellie-cashman.htm Arizona Women’s Hall of Fame. “Nellie Cashman.” https://www.azwhf.org/copy-of-pauline-bates-brown-2 ·       Backhouse, Frances. “Angel of the Cassiar.” British Columbia Magazine. Winter 2014. ·       Hawley, Charles C. and Thomas K. Bundtzen. “Ellen (Nellie) Cashman.” Alaska Mining Hall of Fame Foundation. https://alaskamininghalloffame.org/inductees/cashman.php ·       Clum, John P. “Nellie Cashman.” Arizona Historical Review. Vol. 3, No. 4. January 1931. ·       Porsild, Charlene. “Cashman, Ellen.” Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. XV (1921-1930). https://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/cashman_ellen_15E.html ·       Ward, Jennifer C. "Ela, suo jure countess of Salisbury (b. in or after 1190, d. 1261), magnate and abbess." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. October 08, 2009. Oxford University Press. Date of access 30 Oct. 2024, https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-47205 ·       McConnell, Ally. “The life of Ela, Countess of Salisbury.” Wiltshire & Swindon History Centre. https://wshc.org.uk/the-life-of-ela-countess-of-salisbury/ Order fo Medieval Women. “Ela, Countess of Sudbury.” https://www.medievalwomen.org/ela-countess-of-salisbury.html. Charles “Teenie” Harris Archive. Carnegie Museum of Art. https://carnegieart.org/art/charles-teenie-harris-archive/ ·       National Museum of African American History and Culture. “Photojournalist, Charles “Teenie” Harris.” https://nmaahc.si.edu/photojournalist-charles-teenie-harris ·       O'Driscoll, Bill. “Historical marker honors famed Pittsburgh photographer Teenie Harris.” WESA. 9/30/2024. https://www.wesa.fm/arts-sports-culture/2024-09-30/historical-charles-teenie-harris-pittsburgh-photography ·       Kinzer, Stephen. “Black Life, In Black And White; Court Ruling Frees the Legacy Of a Tireless News Photographer.” New York Times. 2/7/2001. https://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/07/arts/black-life-black-white-court-ruling-frees-legacy-tireless-photographer.html ·       Hulse, Lynn. "Gaugain [née Alison], Jane [Jean] (1804–1860), author, knitter, and fancy needleworker." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. August 08, 2024. Oxford University Press. Date of access 30 Oct. 2024, https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-90000382575 ·       "Edward A. Carter, Jr." Contemporary Black Biography, vol. 104, Gale, 2013. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/K1606005739/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=77e0beae. Accessed 30 Oct. 2024. ·       National WWII Museum. “Staff Sergeant Edward A. Carter Jr's Medal of Honor.” 2/15/2021. https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/staff-sergeant-edward-carter-jr-medal-of-honor ·       Lange, Katie. “Medal of Honor Monday: Army Sgt. 1st Class Edward Carter Jr.” U.S. Department of Defense. https://www.defense.gov/News/Feature-Stories/Story/Article/3347931/medal-of-honor-monday-army-sgt-1st-class-edward-carter-jr/ ·       National Parks Service. “Edward Carter Jr.” Charles Young Buffalo Soldiers National Monument. https://www.nps.gov/people/edwardcarterjr.htm ·       Dwyer, Mitchell K. “A Woman Who Changed the World.” University of Hawaii Foundation. https://www.uhfoundation.org/impact/students/woman-who-changed-world ·       University of Washington School of Pharmacy. “UWSOP alumni legend Alice Ball, Class of 1914, solved leprosy therapy riddle.” https://sop.washington.edu/uwsop-alumni-legend-alice-ball-class-of-1914-solved-leprosy-riddle/ ·       Ricks, Delthia. “Overlooked No More: Alice Ball, Chemist Who Created a Treatment for Leprosy.” 5/8/2023. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/08/obituaries/alice-ball-overlooked.html   See [omnystudio.com/listener] (https://omnystudio.com/listener) for privacy information. ... Read more

02 Dec 2024

40 MINS

40:13

02 Dec 2024


#2390

SYMHC Classics: Ko'olau Rebellion

This 2016 episode covers the introduction of Hansen's disease to Hawaii, when businessmen, especially from the U.S., were having an increasing influence on the Hawaiian government.  See [omnystudio.com/listener] (https://omnystudio.com/listener) for privacy information. ... Read more

30 Nov 2024

25 MINS

25:10

30 Nov 2024


#2389

Behind the Scenes Minis: Unplanned Sarah Week

Tracy talks about the SYMHC calendar, and the controversial nature of Sarah Winnemucca's life story. She also discusses the different ways people have labeled Sara's autobiography.  See [omnystudio.com/listener] (https://omnystudio.com/listener) for privacy information. ... Read more

29 Nov 2024

12 MINS

12:05

29 Nov 2024


#2388

Sarah Winnemucca, Part 2

As an adult, Sarah Winnemucca spent a lot of time trying to advocate for the Northern Paiute, although her legacy in that regard has some complexities. Research: ·       Carpenter, Cari M. “Sarah Winnemucca Goes to Washington: Rhetoric and Resistance in the Capital City.” American Indian Quarterly , Vol. 40, No. 2 (Spring 2016). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5250/amerindiquar.40.2.0087 ·       Dolan, Kathryn Cornell. “Cattle and Sovereignty in the Work of Sarah Winnemucca Hopkins.” The American Indian Quarterly, Volume 44, Number 1, Winter 2020. https://doi.org/10.1353/aiq.2020.a752911 ·       Eves, Rosalyn Collings. “Finding Place to Speak: Sarah Winnemucca's Rhetorical Practices in Disciplinary Spaces.” Legacy , Vol. 31, No. 1 (2014). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5250/legacy.31.1.0001 ·       Eves, Rosalyn. “Sarah Winnemucca Devoted Her Life to Protecting Native Americans in the Face of an Expanding United States.” Smithsonian. 7/27/2016. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/sarah-winnemucca-devoted-life-protecting-lives-native-americans-face-expanding-united-states-180959930/ ·       Hanrahan, Heidi M. “"[W]orthy the imitation of the whites": Sarah Winnemucca and Mary Peabody Mann's Collaboration.” MELUS , SPRING 2013, Vol. 38, No. 1, Cross-Racial and Cross-Ethnic Collaboration and Scholoarship (SPRING 2013). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42001207 ·       Hopkins, Sarah Winnemucca. “Life Among the Piutes: Their Wrongs and Claims.” Boston: G.P. Putnam’s Sons. 1883. https://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/winnemucca/piutes/piutes.html ·       Kohler, Michelle. “Sending Word: Sarah Winnemucca and the Violence of Writing.” Arizona Quarterly: A Journal of American Literature, Culture, and Theory, Volume 69, Number 3, Autumn 2013. https://doi.org/10.1353/arq.2013.0021 ·       Martin, Nicole. “Sarah Winnemucca.” Fort Vancouver Historical Site. National Parks Service. https://www.nps.gov/people/sarah-winnemucca.htm ·       Martínez, David. “Neither Chief Nor Medicine Man: The Historical Role of the “Intellectual” in the American Indian Community.” Studies in American Indian Literatures , Vol. 26, No. 1 (Spring 2014). https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5250/studamerindilite.26.1.0029 ·       McClure, Andrew S. “Sarah Winnemucca: [Post]Indian Princess and Voice of the Paiutes.” MELUS , Summer, 1999, Vol. 24, No. 2, Religion, Myth and Ritual (Summer, 1999). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/467698 Nevada Women’s History Project. “Sarah Winnemucca.” https://nevadawomen.org/research-center/biographies-alphabetical/sarah-winnemucca/ ·       "Sarah Winnemucca." Encyclopedia of World Biography Online, Gale, 1998. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/K1631007030/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=fff26ec7. Accessed 10 Oct. 2024. ·       "Sarah Winnemucca." Historic World Leaders, edited by Anne Commire, Gale, 1994. Gale In Context: U.S. History, ·       link.gale.com/apps/doc/K1616000622/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=e5a6b25f. Accessed 10 Oct. 2024. ·       Scherer, Joanna Cohan. “The Public Faces of Sarah Winnemucca.” Cultural Anthropology , May, 1988, Vol. 3, No. 2 (May, 1988). Via JSTOR. http://www.jstor.com/stable/656350 ·       Shaping History: Women in Capital Art. “Sarah Winnemucca and Sakakawea: Native American Voices in the Capitol Collection.” Podcast. 5/26/2020. ·       Slattery, Ryan. “Winnemucca statue erected in U.S. Capitol.” ICT. 3/23/2005. https://ictnews.org/archive/winnemucca-statue-erected-in-us-capitol ·       Sneider, Leah. “Gender, Literacy, and Sovereignty in Winnemucca's Life among the Piutes.” American Indian Quarterly , Vol. 36, No. 3 (Summer 2012). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5250/amerindiquar.36.3.0257 ·       Sorisio, Carolyn.” Playing the Indian Princess? Sarah Winnemucca's Newspaper Career and Performance of American Indian Identities.” Studies in American Indian Literatures , Vol. 23, No. 1 (Spring 2011) ·       "Winnemucca, Sarah." Westward Expansion Reference Library, edited by Allison McNeill, et al., vol. 2: Biographies, UXL, 2000, pp. 227-236. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3426500057/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=e5519449. Accessed 10 Oct. 2024. ·       Zanjani, Sally. “Sarah Winnemucca.” University of Nebraska Press. 2001.   See [omnystudio.com/listener] (https://omnystudio.com/listener) for privacy information. ... Read more

27 Nov 2024

42 MINS

42:48

27 Nov 2024


#2387

Sarah Winnemucca, Part 1

Sarah Winnemucca was Northern Paiute and was born not long before her band had their first contact with people of European descent. That happened in the middle of the 19th century, which means she lived through a lot – this episode covers her early life. Research: ·       Carpenter, Cari M. “Sarah Winnemucca Goes to Washington: Rhetoric and Resistance in the Capital City.” American Indian Quarterly , Vol. 40, No. 2 (Spring 2016). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5250/amerindiquar.40.2.0087 ·       Dolan, Kathryn Cornell. “Cattle and Sovereignty in the Work of Sarah Winnemucca Hopkins.” The American Indian Quarterly, Volume 44, Number 1, Winter 2020. https://doi.org/10.1353/aiq.2020.a752911 ·       Eves, Rosalyn Collings. “Finding Place to Speak: Sarah Winnemucca's Rhetorical Practices in Disciplinary Spaces.” Legacy , Vol. 31, No. 1 (2014). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5250/legacy.31.1.0001 ·       Eves, Rosalyn. “Sarah Winnemucca Devoted Her Life to Protecting Native Americans in the Face of an Expanding United States.” Smithsonian. 7/27/2016. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/sarah-winnemucca-devoted-life-protecting-lives-native-americans-face-expanding-united-states-180959930/ ·       Hanrahan, Heidi M. “"[W]orthy the imitation of the whites": Sarah Winnemucca and Mary Peabody Mann's Collaboration.” MELUS , SPRING 2013, Vol. 38, No. 1, Cross-Racial and Cross-Ethnic Collaboration and Scholoarship (SPRING 2013). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42001207 ·       Hopkins, Sarah Winnemucca. “Life Among the Piutes: Their Wrongs and Claims.” Boston: G.P. Putnam’s Sons. 1883. https://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/winnemucca/piutes/piutes.html ·       Kohler, Michelle. “Sending Word: Sarah Winnemucca and the Violence of Writing.” Arizona Quarterly: A Journal of American Literature, Culture, and Theory, Volume 69, Number 3, Autumn 2013. https://doi.org/10.1353/arq.2013.0021 ·       Martin, Nicole. “Sarah Winnemucca.” Fort Vancouver Historical Site. National Parks Service. https://www.nps.gov/people/sarah-winnemucca.htm ·       Martínez, David. “Neither Chief Nor Medicine Man: The Historical Role of the “Intellectual” in the American Indian Community.” Studies in American Indian Literatures , Vol. 26, No. 1 (Spring 2014). https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5250/studamerindilite.26.1.0029 ·       McClure, Andrew S. “Sarah Winnemucca: [Post]Indian Princess and Voice of the Paiutes.” MELUS , Summer, 1999, Vol. 24, No. 2, Religion, Myth and Ritual (Summer, 1999). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/467698 Nevada Women’s History Project. “Sarah Winnemucca.” https://nevadawomen.org/research-center/biographies-alphabetical/sarah-winnemucca/ ·       "Sarah Winnemucca." Encyclopedia of World Biography Online, Gale, 1998. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/K1631007030/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=fff26ec7. Accessed 10 Oct. 2024. ·       "Sarah Winnemucca." Historic World Leaders, edited by Anne Commire, Gale, 1994. Gale In Context: U.S. History, ·       link.gale.com/apps/doc/K1616000622/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=e5a6b25f. Accessed 10 Oct. 2024. ·       Scherer, Joanna Cohan. “The Public Faces of Sarah Winnemucca.” Cultural Anthropology , May, 1988, Vol. 3, No. 2 (May, 1988). Via JSTOR. http://www.jstor.com/stable/656350 ·       Shaping History: Women in Capital Art. “Sarah Winnemucca and Sakakawea: Native American Voices in the Capitol Collection.” Podcast. 5/26/2020. ·       Slattery, Ryan. “Winnemucca statue erected in U.S. Capitol.” ICT. 3/23/2005. https://ictnews.org/archive/winnemucca-statue-erected-in-us-capitol ·       Sneider, Leah. “Gender, Literacy, and Sovereignty in Winnemucca's Life among the Piutes.” American Indian Quarterly , Vol. 36, No. 3 (Summer 2012). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5250/amerindiquar.36.3.0257 ·       Sorisio, Carolyn.” Playing the Indian Princess? Sarah Winnemucca's Newspaper Career and Performance of American Indian Identities.” Studies in American Indian Literatures , Vol. 23, No. 1 (Spring 2011) ·       "Winnemucca, Sarah." Westward Expansion Reference Library, edited by Allison McNeill, et al., vol. 2: Biographies, UXL, 2000, pp. 227-236. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3426500057/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=e5519449. Accessed 10 Oct. 2024. ·       Zanjani, Sally. “Sarah Winnemucca.” University of Nebraska Press. 2001.   See [omnystudio.com/listener] (https://omnystudio.com/listener) for privacy information. ... Read more

25 Nov 2024

41 MINS

41:36

25 Nov 2024


#2386

SYMHC Classics: Treaty of Waitangi

This 2014 episode covers the Treaty of Waitangi, a treaty between the British and the Maori that established New Zealand as a nation. The goal was to benefit both parties, but a hurried translation of the document led to some confusion. See [omnystudio.com/listener] (https://omnystudio.com/listener) for privacy information. ... Read more

23 Nov 2024

28 MINS

28:31

23 Nov 2024


#2385

Behind the Scenes Minis: Questionable Jokes and Turkey

Holly notes the racist views of one of Charles Brown's biographers. Tracy and Holly also discuss presidential proclamations and the ways Thanksgiving has been framed as a feel-good story over the years.  See [omnystudio.com/listener] (https://omnystudio.com/listener) for privacy information. ... Read more

22 Nov 2024

16 MINS

16:45

22 Nov 2024


#2384

Thanksgiving vs. Franksgiving

This episode covers President Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s decision to move the date of Thanksgiving with the hope of helping businesses that were trying to recover from the Great Depression – and the controversy that caused.  Research: ---Associated Press. “’Omnipotence of Hitler.’” Decatur Daily Review. 8/17/1939. ---Associated Press. “Roosevelt to Move Thanksgiving; Retailers For It, Plymouth is Not.” New York Times. 8/15/1939. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1939/08/15/93946606.html ---Franklin D. Roosevelt, Proclamation 2373—Thanksgiving Day Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/node/210189 ---Franklin D. Roosevelt, Proclamation 2571—Thanksgiving Day Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/node/210254 ---Franklin D. Roosvelt Library and Museum. “The Year We Had Two Thanksgivings.” http://docs.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/thanksg.html ---George Washington’s Mount Vernon. “Thanksgiving Proclamation of 1789.” https://www.mountvernon.org/education/primary-source-collections/primary-source-collections/article/thanksgiving-proclamation-of-1789 ---Greninger, Edwin T. “Thanksgiving: An American Holiday.” Social Science , WINTER 1979, Vol. 54, No. 1 (WINTER 1979). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41886345 ---History, Art and Archives: U.S. House of Representatives. “The Thanksgiving Holiday.” https://history.house.gov/Historical-Highlights/1901-1950/The-Thanksgiving-holiday/ ---Isbell, Matthew. “’Franksgiving’ – The Period from 1939 through 1941 when Thanksgiving was Partisan.” MCIMaps. 11/22/2017. https://mcimaps.com/franksgiving-the-period-from-1939-through-1941-where-thanksgiving-was-a-partisan-issue/ ---Kratz, Jessie. “Thanksgiving as a Federal Holiday.” U.S. National Archives. 11/20/2023. https://prologue.blogs.archives.gov/2023/11/20/thanksgiving-as-a-federal-holiday/ Notre Dame Magazine. “From the Archives: Franksgiving.” https://magazine.nd.edu/stories/from-the-archives-franksgiving/ ---Pilgrim Hall Museum. “Continental Congress Proclamations 1778-1784.” https://pilgrimhall.org/pdf/TG_Continental_Congress_Proclamations_1778_1784.pdf ---Pilgrim Hall Museum. “Presidential Thanksgiving Proclamations.” https://pilgrimhall.org/pdf/TG_Presidential_Thanksgiving_Proclamations_1789_1815.pdf. ---Public Opinion News Service. “Public Sees Thanksgiving Issue Through Party Glasses.” Gallup. 8/25/1939. ---“Protests Against Advance Date for Thanksgiving Day Pour In.” The Bulletin. 8/15/1939. https://www.newspapers.com/image/101168276/ ---Shafer, Ronald G. “Franklin Roosevelt moved Thanksgiving up a week to goose the economy. Chaos ensued..” Washington Post. 11/24/2021. https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2021/11/24/franskgiving-fdr-moved-thanksgiving/ ---Soodalter, Ron. "'For all the great and various favors': George Washington happily obliged Congress' request for a national day of thanksgiving. Opponents worried it was an overreach of executive privilege." American History, vol. 49, no. 5, Dec. 2014, pp. 44+. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A383327692/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=64a53d59. Accessed 24 Oct. 2024. ---The Center for Legislative Archives. “Congress Establishes Thanksgiving.” https://www.archives.gov/legislative/features/thanksgiving ---Thomas, Heather. “A Presidential History of Thanksgiving.” 11/24/2021. Library of Congress Blog. https://blogs.loc.gov/headlinesandheroes/2021/11/a-presidential-history-of-thanksgiving/ ---Washington Papers. “Thanksgiving Proclamation.” https://washingtonpapers.org/documents/thanksgiving-proclamation/ See [omnystudio.com/listener] (https://omnystudio.com/listener) for privacy information. ... Read more

20 Nov 2024

38 MINS

38:14

20 Nov 2024


#2383

Charles Farrar Browne, the First Standup Comedian

Charles Farrar Browne is often called the first standup comedian. He was, in the 1860s, wildly famous, but his early death, and the soaring career of one of his friends, have contributed to Browne fading from the spotlight in history. Research: ---“Born 1834; Married 1835. Artemus Ward’s Alleged Widow Claims His Estate.” The Savannah Morning News. April 15, 1891. https://www.newspapers.com/image/852548808/?match=1&terms=artemus%20ward ---Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Artemus Ward". Encyclopedia Britannica, 22 Apr. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Artemus-Ward ---Dahl, Curtis. “Artemus Ward: Comic Panoramist.” The New England Quarterly, vol. 32, no. 4, 1959, pp. 476–85. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/362502 ---Hingston, Edward P. “The Genial Showman, Reminiscences of the Life of Artemus Ward.” London: Chatto and Windus. 1881. https://archive.org/details/genialshowmanrem00hingiala/page/n5/mode/2up ---Hofferth, Micah. “Charles Farrar Browne, the Sometimes-racist Father of Standup Comedy.” Vulture. Feb. 28, 2012. https://www.vulture.com/2012/02/charles-farrar-browne-the-sometimes-racist-father-of-standup-comedy.html ---“Mark Twain on Artemus Ward.” The Albany Evening Journal. Nov. 29, 1871. https://twain.lib.virginia.edu/roughingit/lecture/awlectaj.html ---Reed, John Q. “Artemus Ward’s First Lecture.” American Literature, vol. 32, no. 3, 1960, pp. 317–19. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/2922080 ---Seitz, Don C. “Artemus Ward.” Harper & Brothers. 1919. Accessed online: https://archive.org/stream/artemuswardchar00seituoft/artemuswardchar00seituoft_djvu.txt ---“Ward, Artemus (1834-1867).” The Vault at Pfaff’s, Lehigh University. https://pfaffs.web.lehigh.edu/node/54123 ---Ward, Artemus. “The Complete Works of Artemus Ward.” https://www.gutenberg.org/files/6946/6946-h/6946-h.htm#bio       See [omnystudio.com/listener] (https://omnystudio.com/listener) for privacy information. ... Read more

18 Nov 2024

35 MINS

35:52

18 Nov 2024


#2382

SYMHC Classics: 3 Reformation Women Classic

This 2017 episode covers Katharina von Bora, Marguerite d’Angoulême and Jeanne d’Albret, who all left their mark on the Reformation, but all in different ways.  See [omnystudio.com/listener] (https://omnystudio.com/listener) for privacy information. ... Read more

16 Nov 2024

33 MINS

33:42

16 Nov 2024


#2381

Behind the Scenes Minis: Hans, Mike, and Nate

Holly talks about realizing how Hans Sloane’s early life likely normalized the idea of colonization for him, and also Museum Mike the cat. Tracy talks about the structure of Nate DiMeo's book as it compares to his podcast.  See [omnystudio.com/listener] (https://omnystudio.com/listener) for privacy information. ... Read more

15 Nov 2024

15 MINS

15:45

15 Nov 2024