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Citation Needed podcast

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Citation Needed

…

·

  Citation Needed Media  

The podcast where we choose a subject, read a single Wikipedia article about it, and pretend we’re experts. Because this is the internet, and that’s how it works now.

The podcast where we choose a subject, read a single Wikipedia article about it, and pretend we’re experts. Because this is the internet, and that’s how it works now.

 

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Progress

Duration

Release Date

#379

Bronze Age Collapse

The Late Bronze Age collapse was a time of widespread <a title="Societal collapse" href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societal_collapse">societal collapse</a> during the 12th century BC associated with <a title="Environmental change" href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_change">environmental change</a>, <a title="Mass migration" href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_migration">mass migration</a>, and the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Deurbanization" href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deurbanization">destruction of cities</a>. The collapse affected a large area of the <a title="Eastern Mediterranean" href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a> (<a title="North Africa" href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa">North Africa</a> and <a title="Southeast Europe" href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Europe">Southeast Europe</a>) and the <a title="" href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_East">Near East</a>, in particular <a title="History of Egypt" href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Egypt">Egypt</a>,  [eastern Libya] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Libya) , the <a title="Balkans" href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans">Balkans</a>, the <a title="Aegean Sea" href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegean_Sea#History">Aegean</a>,  [Anatolia] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia) , and, to a lesser degree, the <a title="Caucasus" href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus">Caucasus</a>. It was sudden, violent, and culturally disruptive for many  [Bronze Age] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age)  civilizations, and it brought a sharp economic decline to regional powers, notably ushering in the <a title= "Greek Dark Ages" href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a>. <a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse</a>   ... Read more

21 hrs Ago

35 MINS

35:14

21 hrs Ago

#378

Spaceships That Weren't

<a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_canceled_launch_vehicle_designs"> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_canceled_launch_vehicle_designs</a> Even before the launch of <a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik_1">Sputnik 1</a>, there were various types of launch vehicle designs. The launch vehicle designs described below are either canceled or never left the drawing board. ... Read more

26 Jun 2024

41 MINS

41:23

26 Jun 2024

#377

Frank Bourassa - The Greatest Counterfeiter in the World

<a title="Counterfeit" href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterfeit">Counterfeiting</a> of the <a class="mw-redirect" title= "Currency of the United States" href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currency_of_the_United_States">currency of the United States</a> is widely attempted. According to the <a class="mw-redirect" title="" href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Treasury">United States Department of Treasury</a>, an estimated $70 million in counterfeit bills are in circulation, or approximately 1 note in counterfeits for every 10,000 in genuine currency, with an upper bound of $200 million counterfeit, or 1 counterfeit per 4,000 genuine notes.<a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterfeit_United_States_currency#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterfeit_United_States_currency#cite_note-2">[2]</a> However, these numbers are based on annual seizure rates on counterfeiting, and the actual stock of counterfeit money is uncertain because some counterfeit notes successfully circulate for a few transactions. ... Read more

19 Jun 2024

44 MINS

44:35

19 Jun 2024

#376

Unusual Deaths 4

This list of unusual deaths includes unique or extremely rare circumstances of  [death] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death) recorded throughout history, noted as being unusual by multiple sources. ... Read more

12 Jun 2024

33 MINS

33:32

12 Jun 2024

#375

The Ark Encounter

Ark Encounter is a <a title= "Christianity" href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity">Christian</a> <a class="mw-redirect" title="Theme park" href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theme_park">theme park</a> that opened in <a title="Williamstown, Kentucky" href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamstown,_Kentucky">Williamstown, Kentucky</a>, United States, in 2016.<a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ark_Encounter#cite_note-WKYT-2">[2]</a><a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ark_Encounter#cite_note-lNYT160626-3">[3]</a> The centerpiece of the park is a large representation of <a title= "Noah's Ark" href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark">Noah's Ark</a>, based on the <a title="Genesis flood narrative" href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative">Genesis flood narrative</a> contained in the  [Bible] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible) . It is 510 feet (155.4 m) long, 85 feet (25.9 m) wide, and 51 feet (15.5 m) high. ... Read more

05 Jun 2024

39 MINS

39:48

05 Jun 2024

#374

First Expeditions to Mount Everest

Mount Everest<a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-6">[3]</a> is <a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest_mountains_on_Earth">Earth's highest mountain</a> above <a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level">sea level</a>, located in the <a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahalangur_Himal">Mahalangur Himal</a> sub-range of the <a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayas">Himalayas</a>. The <a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93Nepal_border">China–Nepal border</a> runs across its <a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summit">summit point</a>.<a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-Bishart-7">[4]</a> Its elevation (snow height) of 8,848.86 m (29,031 ft 8+1⁄2 in) was most recently established in 2020 by the Chinese and Nepali authorities.<a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-8">[5]</a> [[6]] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest#cite_note-LiveScience-9) ... Read more

29 May 2024

43 MINS

43:02

29 May 2024

#373

Amelia Earhart

Amelia Mary Earhart ( [/ˈɛərhɑːrt/] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English)  <a title= "Help:Pronunciation respelling key" href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key">AIR-hart</a>; born July 24, 1897; <a class="mw-redirect" title= "Declared dead" href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declared_dead">declared dead</a> January 5, 1939) was an American <a class= "mw-redirect" title="Aviation pioneer" href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_pioneer">aviation pioneer</a>. On July 2, 1937, Earhart disappeared over the Pacific Ocean while attempting to become the first female pilot to circumnavigate the world. During her life, she embraced celebrity culture and women's rights, and since her disappearance has become a <a title="Cultural icon" href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_icon">cultural icon</a>.<a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amelia_Earhart#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Earhart was the first female aviator to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean and she set many other records.<a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amelia_Earhart#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakes1985-3">[3]</a> She was one of the first aviators to promote commercial air travel, wrote best-selling books about her flying experiences, and was instrumental in the formation of <a title="Ninety-Nines" href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninety-Nines">The Ninety-Nines</a>, an organization for female pilots.<a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amelia_Earhart#cite_note-FOOTNOTELovell1989152-4">[4]</a> ... Read more

22 May 2024

38 MINS

38:31

22 May 2024

#372

Chicxulub Impact

The Chicxulub crater (<a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet">IPA</a>: <a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA">[t͡ʃikʃuˈluɓ]</a>  [ⓘ] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chicxulub.ogg)   [cheek-shoo-LOOB] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key) ) is an [impact crater] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_crater)  buried underneath the <a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n_Peninsula">Yucatán Peninsula</a> in Mexico. Its center is offshore, but the crater is named after the onshore community of <a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicxulub_Pueblo">Chicxulub Pueblo</a>.<a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicxulub_crater#cite_note-Penfield-3">[3]</a> It was formed slightly over 66 <a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Million_years_ago">million years ago</a> when a large <a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorite">meteorite</a>, about ten kilometers (six miles) in diameter, struck Earth. The crater is estimated to be 200 kilometers (120 miles) in diameter and 20 kilometers (12 miles) in depth. It is <a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_impact_craters_on_Earth#10_Ma_or_more"> the second largest confirmed impact structure on Earth</a>, and the only one whose <a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_ring">peak ring</a> is intact and directly accessible for scientific research.<a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicxulub_crater#cite_note-SchulteOthers2010-4">[4]</a> ... Read more

15 May 2024

34 MINS

34:56

15 May 2024

#371

Troy Hurtubise and Project Grizzly

Troy James Hurtubise (November 23, 1963 – June 17, 2018) was a Canadian <a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventor">inventor</a> and <a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_movement">conservationist</a>, noted for self-testing his often bizarre creations. These inventions included various ray generators, firepaste (an <a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ablation">ablative</a> heatproofing material), the Ursus personal armour suit and the <a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trojan_Ballistics_Suit_of_Armor">Trojan Ballistics Suit of Armor</a>.   Our sponsor: boxofawesome.com code: citation ... Read more

08 May 2024

45 MINS

45:00

08 May 2024

#370

Obsolete Occupations

<a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Obsolete_occupations">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Obsolete_occupations</a>   ... Read more

01 May 2024

34 MINS

34:29

01 May 2024

#369

Operation Eagle Claw

Operation Eagle Claw was a failed <a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_operation">operation</a> by the <a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces">United States Armed Forces</a> ordered by <a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._President">U.S. President</a> <a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> to attempt the rescue of <a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis">52 embassy staff held captive</a> at the <a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Tehran"> Embassy of the United States, Tehran</a> on 24 April 1980. The operation, one of <a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Force">Delta Force</a>'s first,<a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Eagle_Claw#cite_note-Gabriel106-1">[1]</a> encountered many obstacles and failures and was subsequently aborted. Eight helicopters were sent to the first staging area called Desert One, but only five arrived in operational condition.<a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Eagle_Claw#cite_note-Atlantic-2">[2]</a> One had encountered hydraulic problems, another was caught in a [sand storm] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haboob) , and the third showed signs of a cracked rotor blade. During the operational planning, it was decided that the mission would be aborted if fewer than six helicopters remained operational upon arrival at the Desert One site, despite only four being absolutely necessary.<a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Eagle_Claw#cite_note-Atlantic-2">[2]</a> In a move that is still discussed in military circles, the field commanders advised President Carter to abort the mission, which he did.<a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Eagle_Claw#cite_note-3">[3]</a> ... Read more

24 Apr 2024

34 MINS

34:37

24 Apr 2024

#368

Battle of Red Cliffs

The Battle of Red Cliffs, also known as the Battle of Chibi, was a decisive naval battle in the winter of AD 208–209 at the <a title= "End of the Han dynasty" href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_of_the_Han_dynasty">end of the Han dynasty</a>, about twelve years prior to the beginning of the <a title="Three Kingdoms" href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a> period in <a class="mw-redirect" title= "Chinese history" href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_history">Chinese history</a>.<a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Red_Cliffs#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Crespigny1990264%22The_engagement_at_the_Red_Cliffs_took_place_in_the_winter_of_the_13th_year_of_[[Jian'an_(Eastern_Han)|Jian'an]],_probably_about_the_end_of_208.%22-5">[4]</a> The battle was fought between the allied forces of the southern warlords <a title="Sun Quan" href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Quan">Sun Quan</a>, <a title="Liu Bei" href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Bei">Liu Bei</a>, and <a title="Liu Qi (Liu Biao's son)" href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Qi_(Liu_Biao%27s_son)">Liu Qi</a> against the numerically superior forces of the northern warlord <a title="Cao Cao" href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cao_Cao">Cao Cao</a>. Liu Bei and Sun Quan frustrated Cao Cao's effort to conquer the land south of the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River" href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangtze_River">Yangtze River</a> and reunite the territory of the <a class= "mw-redirect" title="" href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Han_dynasty">Eastern Han dynasty</a>. ... Read more

17 Apr 2024

40 MINS

40:48

17 Apr 2024

#367

Gamergate

Gamergate or GamerGate (GG)<a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamergate_(harassment_campaign)#cite_note-:16-1">[1]</a> was a loosely organized <a class="mw-redirect" title= "Online misogyny" href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_misogyny">misogynistic online harassment</a> campaign and a <a class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wing" href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-wing">right-wing</a> backlash against <a title="Feminism" href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminism">feminism</a>, diversity, and <a title="Progressivism" href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressivism">progressivism</a> in  [video game culture] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_culture) .<a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamergate_(harassment_campaign)#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamergate_(harassment_campaign)#cite_note-:9-3">[3]</a><a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamergate_(harassment_campaign)#cite_note-:10-4">[4]</a> It was conducted using the <a title="Hashtag" href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashtag">hashtag</a> "#Gamergate" primarily in 2014 and 2015.<a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamergate_(harassment_campaign)#cite_note-:16-1">[1]</a><a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamergate_(harassment_campaign)#cite_note-:2-5">[5]</a><a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamergate_(harassment_campaign)#cite_note-Learn_to_code-6">[6]</a><a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamergate_(harassment_campaign)#cite_note-VoxLessons-7">[7]</a> Gamergate targeted women in the <a title="Video game industry" href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_industry">video game industry</a>, most notably feminist media critic <a title= "Anita Sarkeesian" href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anita_Sarkeesian">Anita Sarkeesian</a> and video game developers  [Zoë Quinn] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zo%C3%AB_Quinn)  and <a title="Brianna Wu" href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brianna_Wu">Brianna Wu</a>.<a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamergate_(harassment_campaign)#cite_note-Murray-8">[8]</a><a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamergate_(harassment_campaign)#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalter201743%E2%80%9345-9">[9]</a><a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamergate_(harassment_campaign)#cite_note-nytimes_usu_threat-10">[10]</a><a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamergate_(harassment_campaign)#cite_note-WuBoston-11">[11]</a><a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamergate_(harassment_campaign)#cite_note-GlobeFeature-12">[12]</a> ... Read more

10 Apr 2024

31 MINS

31:14

10 Apr 2024

#366

Animals on Trial

In <a title="Legal history" href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_history">legal history</a>, an animal trial was the <a title= "Crime" href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime">criminal</a> <a class= "mw-redirect" title="Trial (law)" href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_(law)">trial</a> of a <a class="mw-redirect" title="Non-human animal" href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-human_animal">non-human animal</a>. Such trials are recorded as having taken place in <a title="Europe" href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe">Europe</a> from the thirteenth century until the eighteenth. In modern times, it is considered in most criminal justice systems that non-human animals lack <a title="Moral agency" href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_agency">moral agency</a> and so cannot be held  [culpable] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culpability) for an act. ... Read more

03 Apr 2024

41 MINS

41:57

03 Apr 2024

#365

Odd Screw Lengths

At a minimum, a <a title="Screw" href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw">screw</a> drive is a set of shaped cavities and protrusions on the screw head that allows <a title="Torque" href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torque">torque</a> to be applied to it.<a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_screw_drives#cite_note-sizes-1">[1]</a><a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_screw_drives#cite_note-Instruct-2">[2]</a> Usually, it also involves a mating <a title="Tool" href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tool">tool</a>, such as a <a title="Screwdriver" href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screwdriver">screwdriver</a>, that is used to turn it. Some of the less-common drives are classified as being "tamper-resistant". ... Read more

01 Apr 2024

20 MINS

20:03

01 Apr 2024

#364

American Gladiators

American Gladiators<a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Gladiators_(1989_TV_series)#cite_note-3">[3]</a> is an American <a title="Game show" href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_show">competition</a> <a class="mw-redirect" title="Television program" href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_program">television program</a> that aired weekly in <a title= "Broadcast syndication" href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_syndication">syndication</a> from September 1989 to May 1996. The series matched a cast of amateur <a class="mw-redirect" title="Sportsperson" href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sportsperson">athletes</a> against each other, as well as against the show's own "gladiators", in contests of strength and agility. Following the success of American Gladiators, other countries began to produce their own versions of the show. ... Read more

27 Mar 2024

34 MINS

34:27

27 Mar 2024

#363

Lola Montez

Eliza Rosanna Gilbert, Countess of Landsfeld<a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lola_Montez#cite_note-1">[1]</a> (17 February 1821 – 17 January 1861), better known by the stage name Lola Montez ( [/moʊnˈtɛz/] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English) ), was an <a title= "Irish people" href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_people">Irish</a> dancer and actress who became famous as a Spanish dancer, <a title= "Courtesan" href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtesan">courtesan</a>, and <a title="Mistress (lover)" href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mistress_(lover)">mistress</a> of King <a title="Ludwig I of Bavaria" href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_I_of_Bavaria">Ludwig I of Bavaria</a>, who made her <a class="mw-redirect" title="Gräfin" href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A4fin">Gräfin</a> von Landsfeld (<a class="mw-redirect" title= "Countess" href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countess">Countess</a> of Landsfeld). At the start of the  [Revolutions of 1848 in the German states] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_German_states) , she was forced to flee. She proceeded to the United States via Austria, Switzerland, France and London, to return to her work as an entertainer and lecturer. ... Read more

20 Mar 2024

30 MINS

30:05

20 Mar 2024

#362

Dutch East India Company

The United East India Company (<a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language">Dutch</a>: Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie <a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch">[vərˈeːnɪɣdə oːstˈɪndisə kɔmpɑˈɲi]</a>, abbreviated as VOC, Dutch: <a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch">[veː.oːˈseː]</a>) and commonly known as the Dutch East India Company, was a <a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartered_company">chartered</a> [trading company] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trading_company) and the first <a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint-stock_company">joint-stock company</a> in the world.<a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company#cite_note-6">[2]</a> [[3]] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company#cite_note-7) Established on 20 March 1602<a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company#cite_note-8">[4]</a> by the <a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_General_of_the_Netherlands">States General of the Netherlands</a> amalgamating <a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voorcompagnie">existing companies</a>, it was granted a 21-year <a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopoly">monopoly</a> to carry out trade activities in <a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia">Asia</a>.<a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company#cite_note-9">[5]</a> Shares in the company could be purchased by any citizen of the [United Provinces (Dutch Republic)] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Republic) and then subsequently bought and sold in open-air <a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_markets">secondary markets</a> (one of which became the <a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam_Stock_Exchange">Amsterdam Stock Exchange</a>).<a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company#cite_note-10">[6]</a> The company possessed quasi-governmental powers, including the ability to wage war, imprison and execute convicts,<a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company#cite_note-11">[7]</a> negotiate treaties, strike <a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coinage_of_the_Dutch_East_India_Company"> its own coins</a>, and establish colonies.<a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company#cite_note-12">[8]</a> Also, because it traded across multiple colonies and countries from both the [East] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_East) and the <a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_world">West</a>, the VOC is sometimes considered to have been the world's first <a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinational_corporation">multinational corporation</a>.<a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company#cite_note-13">[9]</a> [[10]] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company#cite_note-14) ... Read more

13 Mar 2024

39 MINS

39:26

13 Mar 2024

#361

Horace Greeley

Horace Greeley (February 3, 1811 – November 29, 1872) was an American newspaper editor and publisher who was the founder and <a class="mw-redirect" title= "Newspaper editor" href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper_editor">editor</a> of the <a title="New-York Tribune" href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New-York_Tribune">New-York Tribune</a>. Long active in politics, he served briefly as a congressman from New York and was the unsuccessful candidate of the new <a title="Liberal Republican Party (United States)" href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Party_(United_States)">Liberal Republican Party</a> in the <a title= "1872 United States presidential election" href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_presidential_election">1872 presidential election</a> against incumbent President <a title="Ulysses S. Grant" href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a>, who won by a landslide. ... Read more

06 Mar 2024

36 MINS

36:19

06 Mar 2024