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<p>In this episode of The Sound of Economics, host Rebecca Christie speaks about fossil fuel challenges with Admir Šahmanović, Montenegro's Minister of Energy and Mining, Bruegel’s Western Balkans expert Nina Vujanović and Rouven Stubbe of the Helmholz-Zentrum Berlin. How does Montenegro’s energy mix fit with its efforts to become the next member of the European Union? Do electricity subsidies for consumers make it harder to transition away from Communist-era coal-fired power plants? What new renewable energy projects are in the pipeline? Will the Iran war speed up progress? How does Montenegro work with EU neighbors like Croatia and Italy, and what is the role of the EU’s Energy Community programme? The EU’s new Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) poses a big hurdle for most of the Western Balkan countries. Bruegel’s experts break down the challenge in conversation with a top policymaker from the region.  </p><p><strong>Relevant research:</strong>Vujanović, N., R. Stubbe and M. Catarina-Louro (2025) ‘<a href="https://www.bruegel.org/working-paper/western-balkan-energy-sector-between-russia-european-union-and-green-transition">The Western Balkan energy sector: between Russia, the European Union and the green transition</a>’, Working Paper 33/2025, Bruegel</p></div>

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