<div>
<p>In this episode of The Sound of Economics, host Rebecca Christie is joined by Bruegel’s Elina Ribakova, Simone Tagliapietra and Guntram Wolff to talk about the U.S. and Israeli strikes on Iran. What happens to energy prices as military action intensifies and the Strait of Hormuz is disrupted? If this conflict is a net positive for Russia, what does it mean for the ongoing fighting in Ukraine? How can Europe rally its defence industrial base? How does this complicate trade and political relations with China? Even if oil and gas prices rise only temporarily, this conflict will cause lasting shocks and force a new reckoning with the European Union’s energy dependence.</p><p><strong>Relevant research:</strong></p></div><ul>
<li>Tagliapietra, S. (2026) 'How will the Iran conflict hit European energy markets?' First Glance, Bruegel, 2 March, available at <a href="https://www.bruegel.org/first-glance/how-will-iran-conflict-hit-european-energy-markets">https://www.bruegel.org/first-glance/how-will-iran-conflict-hit-european-energy-markets</a>
</li>
<li>Ribakova, E. (2025) 'Ukraine, Europe and the new economics of war' Opinion, Financial Times, available at <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/98640358-c166-4f1b-a1da-b37170aabf99">https://www.ft.com/content/98640358-c166-4f1b-a1da-b37170aabf99</a>
</li>
<li>Mejino-Lopez, Juan, and Guntram B. Wolff. "Boosting the European Defence Industry in a Hostile World." Intereconomics, vol. 60, no. 1, ZBW – Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, 2025, pp. 34-39. <a href="https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ie-2025-0007">https://doi.org/10.2478/ie-2025-0007</a>.</li>
<li>Hilgenstock, B. and E. Ribakova (2025) 'Why Russia’s economic model no longer delivers', Analysis, Bruegel, 16 July, available at <a href="https://www.bruegel.org/analysis/why-russias-economic-model-no-longer-delivers">https://www.bruegel.org/analysis/why-russias-economic-model-no-longer-delivers</a>
</li>
<li>Dabrowski, M. (2025) 'How resilient is Russia’s economy after four years of war?' Working Paper 32/2025, Bruegel, available at <a href="https://www.bruegel.org/working-paper/how-resilient-russias-economy-after-four-years-war">https://doi.org/10.64153/SZJF2677</a>
</li>
</ul>

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