Heat waves don&rsquo;t get as much attention as blizzards, floods, and hurricanes, but extreme heat is one of the deadliest weather events on average. Research: <ul> <li>National Weather Service. &ldquo;Weather Related Fatality and Injury Statistics.&rdquo; https://www.weather.gov/hazstat</li> <li>Last, John. &ldquo;This Summer&rsquo;s Drought Is Europe&rsquo;s Worst in 500 Years. What Happened Last Time?&rdquo; Smithsonian Magazine. 9/8/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/this-summers-drought-is-europes-worst-in-500-years-what-happened-last-time-180980711/</li> <li>Wetter, Oliver; Seneviratne, Sonia I. et al. &ldquo;The year-long unprecedented European heat and drought of 1540 - a worst case.&rdquo; Climatic Change 125(3-4), https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-014-1184-2</li> <li>Orth, Rene et al. &ldquo;Did European temperatures in 1540 exceed present-day records?&rdquo; Environmental Research Letters. 11 (2016) 114021 doi:10.1088/1748-9326/11/11/114021.</li> <li>United Nations Environment Programme. &ldquo;Impacts of summer 2003 heat wave in Europe.&rdquo; Environmental Alert Bulletin. https://www.unisdr.org/files/1145_ewheatwave.en.pdf</li> <li>Pfister, Christian. &ldquo;The &lsquo;Black Swan&rsquo; of 1540: Aspects of a European Megadrought.&rdquo; From Climate Change and Cultural Transition in Europe. Brill. 1/1/2018. doi:10.1163/9789004356825_007</li> <li>Grodzinsky, Ewa, and M&auml;rta Sund Levander. &ldquo;History of the Thermometer.&rdquo; Understanding Fever and Body Temperature: A Cross-disciplinary Approach to Clinical Practice 23&ndash;35. 23 Aug. 2019, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-21886-7_3</li> <li>John Huxham, Dr. Watson. &ldquo;Remarks upon the Heat of the Air in July 1757. in an Extract of a Letter from John Huxham, M. D. F. R. S. to William Watson, M. D. F. R S. Dated at Plymouth 19th of That Month. With Additional Remarks by Dr. Watson.&rdquo; Philosophical Transactions (1683-1775), Vol. 50 (1757 - 1758), pp. 428-430 (3 pages). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/105279.</li> <li>Huxham, John. &ldquo;An Account of the Extraordinary Heat of the Weather in July 1757, and of the Effects of It. In a Letter from John Huxham, M. D. F. R. S. to Wm. Watson, M. D. F. R. S..&rdquo; Philosophical Transactions (1683-1775), Vol. 50 (1757 - 1758). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/105292</li> <li>Smeaton, John. &ldquo;Remarks on the Different Temperature of the Air at Edystone, from That Observed at Plymouth, between the 7th and 14th of July 1757. By Mr. John Smeaton, F. R. S.&rdquo; Philosophical Transactions (1683-1775), Vol. 50 (1757 - 1758). https://www.jstor.org/stable/105286</li> <li>Sunderland, Helen. &ldquo;The Great British Summer? A Historical Heatwave.&rdquo; Doing History In Public. 8/12/2025. https://doinghistoryinpublic.org/2025/08/12/the-great-british-summer-a-historical-heatwave/</li> <li>Scott, John. &ldquo;Four elegies, descriptive and moral.&rdquo; London J. Buckland. 1760.</li> <li>The Western Flying Post; or, Sherborne and Yeovil Mercury. Page 3. 8/15/1757.</li> <li>Lind, James. &ldquo;An essay on the most effectual means of preserving the health of seamen in the Royal Navy.&rdquo; 1774.</li> <li>Walpole, Horace. &ldquo;The letters of Horace Walpole, fourth earl of Orford.&rdquo; Vol. 3: 1750-1756. Oxford. 1903.</li> <li>Zwierlein, Cornel. "Chapter 3 The Danger between Nature and Culture: The Quotidian Threat of Urban Fires in the Premodern Era". Prometheus Tamed. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004431225_004 Web.</li> <li>Luterbacher, J&uuml;rg et al. &ldquo;European Seasonal and Annual Temperature Variability, Trends and Extremes since 1500.&rdquo; Science 303, 1499 (2004). DOI: 10.1126/science.1093877</li> <li>Beniston, Martin. &ldquo;The 2003 heat wave as an example of summers in a greenhouse climate? Observations and climate model simulations for Basel, Switzerland.&rdquo; Global and Planetary Change. Volume 44, Issues 1&ndash;4, December 2004. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0921818104000980</li> <li>Franck, Marcy. &ldquo;Heat waves and annual death rates in older adults in the United States.&rdquo; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. 3/16/2026. https://hsph.harvard.edu/news/heat-waves-and-annual-death-rates-in-older-adults-in-the-united-states/</li> <li>Poitras, Colin. &ldquo;Warming U.S. climate linked to rising deaths from heat.&rdquo; Yale School of Public Health. 11/7/2025. https://ysph.yale.edu/news-article/warming-us-climate-linked-to-rising-deaths-from-heat/</li> <li>World Meteorological Association. &ldquo;Western Europe has hottest June on record.&rdquo; 7/9/2026. https://wmo.int/media/news/western-europe-has-hottest-june-record</li> <li>Cole, Deborah. &ldquo;Germany records nearly 100 drowning deaths, many of them young men, in June heatwave.&rdquo; The Guardian. 6/12/2026. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/jul/12/germany-drowning-deaths-heatwave-paris-france-spain</li> <li>PBS News. &ldquo;Europe swelters under an early heat wave as France records 40 drowning deaths.&rdquo; 6/23/2026. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/europe-swelters-under-an-early-heat-wave-as-france-records-40-drowning-deaths</li> </ul>See <a href="https://omnystudio.com/listener">omnystudio.com/listener</a> for privacy information.

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