How can you measure the quality of a large language model? What tools can measure bias, toxicity, and truthfulness levels in a model using Python? This week on the show, Jodie Burchell, developer advocate for data science at JetBrains, returns to discuss techniques and tools for evaluating LLMs With Python.
Jodie provides some background on large language models and how they can absorb vast amounts of information about the relationship between words using a type of neural network called a transformer. We discuss training datasets and the potential quality issues with crawling uncurated sources. 
We dig into ways to measure levels of bias, toxicity, and hallucinations using Python. Jodie shares three benchmarking datasets and links to resources to get you started. We also discuss ways to augment models using agents or plugins, which can access search engine results or other authoritative sources.
This week&rsquo;s episode is brought to you by Intel.
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Topics:
<ul>
<li>00:00:00 &ndash; Introduction</li>
<li>00:02:19 &ndash; Testing characteristics of LLMs with Python</li>
<li>00:04:18 &ndash; Background on LLMs</li>
<li>00:08:35 &ndash; Training of models</li>
<li>00:14:23 &ndash; Uncurated sources of training</li>
<li>00:16:12 &ndash; Safeguards and prompt engineering</li>
<li>00:21:19 &ndash; TruthfulQA and creating a more strict prompt</li>
<li>00:23:20 &ndash; Information that is out of date</li>
<li>00:26:07 &ndash; WinoBias for evaluating gender stereotypes</li>
<li>00:28:30 &ndash; BOLD dataset for evaluating bias</li>
<li>00:30:28 &ndash; Sponsor: Intel</li>
<li>00:31:18 &ndash; Using Hugging Face to start testing with Python</li>
<li>00:35:25 &ndash; Using the transformers package</li>
<li>00:37:34 &ndash; Using langchain for proprietary models</li>
<li>00:43:04 &ndash; Putting the tools together and evaluating</li>
<li>00:47:19 &ndash; Video Course Spotlight</li>
<li>00:48:29 &ndash; Assessing toxicity</li>
<li>00:50:21 &ndash; Measuring bias</li>
<li>00:54:40 &ndash; Checking the hallucination rate</li>
<li>00:56:22 &ndash; LLM leaderboards</li>
<li>00:58:17 &ndash; What helped ChatGPT leap forward?</li>
<li>01:06:01 &ndash; Improvements of what is being crawled</li>
<li>01:07:32 &ndash; Revisiting agents and RAG</li>
<li>01:11:03 &ndash; ChatGPT plugins and Wolfram-Alpha</li>
<li>01:13:06 &ndash; How can people follow your work online?</li>
<li>01:14:33 &ndash; Thanks and goodbye</li>
</ul>
Background Links:
<ul>
<li><a href="https://builtin.com/data-science/beginners-guide-language-models">A Beginner&rsquo;s Guide to Language Models - Built In</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NpmnWgQgcsA">ChatGPT - Explained! - YouTube</a></li>
</ul>
Dataset Links:
<ul>
<li><a href="https://huggingface.co/datasets/truthful_qa?row=4">truthful_qa - Datasets at Hugging Face</a></li>
<li><a href="https://huggingface.co/datasets/wino_bias">wino_bias - Datasets at Hugging Face</a></li>
<li><a href="https://huggingface.co/datasets/AlexaAI/bold">bold - Datasets at Hugging Face</a></li>
</ul>
Tutorials and Documentation for Python Packages:
<ul>
<li><a href="https://huggingface.co/blog/evaluating-llm-bias">Evaluating Language Model Bias with 🤗 Evaluate</a></li>
<li><a href="https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1-HDJUcPMKEF-E7Hapih0OmA1xTW2hdAv#scrollTo=yX8ciyVWKiuO">HF_bias_evaluation.ipynb - Colaboratory - Google Colab</a></li>
<li><a href="https://huggingface.co/docs/datasets/loading">General Usage - Load a Dataset - Hugging Face</a></li>
<li><a href="https://huggingface.co/tasks/text-generation">What is Text Generation? - Hugging Face</a></li>
<li><a href="https://huggingface.co/docs/evaluate/index">🤗 Evaluate - Library Evaluating ML Models</a></li>
<li><a href="https://python.langchain.com/docs/get_started/quickstart">Python Quickstart - 🦜️🔗 Langchain</a></li>
</ul>
Measurement Links:
<ul>
<li><a href="https://huggingface.co/spaces/evaluate-measurement/toxicity">Toxicity - a Hugging Face Space by evaluate-measurement</a></li>
<li><a href="https://huggingface.co/spaces/evaluate-measurement/regard">Regard - a Hugging Face Space by evaluate-measurement</a></li>
<li><a href="https://huggingface.co/spaces/HuggingFaceH4/open_llm_leaderboard">Open LLM Leaderboard - a Hugging Face Space</a></li>
</ul>
Training Data for LLMs:
<ul>
<li><a href="https://commoncrawl.org/">Common Crawl - Open Repository of Web Crawl Data</a></li>
<li><a href="https://pile.eleuther.ai/">The Pile</a></li>
<li><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.01116">The RefinedWeb Dataset for Falcon LLM: Outperforming Curated Corpora</a></li>
</ul>
Agents and Plugin Links:
<ul>
<li><a href="https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/transformers_agents">Transformers Agents - Hugging Face</a></li>
<li><a href="https://python.langchain.com/docs/modules/agents/">Agents - 🦜️🔗 Langchain</a></li>
<li><a href="https://writings.stephenwolfram.com/2023/03/chatgpt-gets-its-wolfram-superpowers/">ChatGPT Gets Its &ldquo;Wolfram Superpowers&rdquo;! - Stephen Wolfram</a></li>
</ul>
Additional Links:
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.theverge.com/features/23764584/ai-artificial-intelligence-data-notation-labor-scale-surge-remotasks-openai-chatbots">Inside the AI Factory: The Humans that Make Tech Seem Human - The Verge</a></li>
<li><a href="https://blog.jetbrains.com/author/jodie-burchell-jetbrains-com/">Jodie Burchell - The JetBrains Blog</a></li>
<li><a href="https://t-redactyl.io/">Jodie Burchell&rsquo;s Blog - Standard error</a></li>
<li><a href="https://twitter.com/t_redactyl">Jodie Burchell 🇦🇺🇩🇪 (@t_redactyl) - Twitter</a></li>
<li><a href="https://fosstodon.org/@t_redactyl#">Jodie Burchell 🇦🇺🇩🇪 (@t_redactyl@fosstodon.org) - Fosstodon</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.jetbrains.com/">JetBrains: Essential tools for software developers and teams</a></li>
</ul>
Level up your Python skills with our expert-led courses:
<ul>
<li><a href="https://realpython.com/courses/data-cleaning-with-pandas-and-numpy/">Data Cleaning With pandas and NumPy</a></li>
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<li><a href="https://realpython.com/courses/text-classification-with-keras/">Learn Text Classification With Python and Keras</a></li>
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Measuring Bias, Toxicity, and Truthfulness in LLMs With Python

The Real Python Podcast