Tonight, we’ll read from “Lessons in Chalk Modeling, the New Method of Map Drawing” written by Ida Cassa Heffron and published in 1900.

At the turn of the twentieth century, education was undergoing rapid changes. Teachers sought creative ways to engage students in subjects that were often taught by rote memorization. Geography, in particular, was considered a cornerstone of a well-rounded education, yet it was sometimes reduced to reciting capitals and drawing borders. Heffron’s work introduced a tactile and visual method known as “chalk modeling,” in which teachers could draw raised relief maps directly on the blackboard to show mountains, rivers, and valleys in a more dynamic way.

Chalk modeling made classrooms more interactive, helping students imagine landscapes and physical features in three dimensions rather than flat diagrams. It reflected the broader educational trend toward “learning by doing,” a movement championed by reformers such as John Dewey. This method not only made lessons more engaging but also encouraged observation and critical thinking—skills at the heart of geography itself.

By situating geography in this more hands-on practice, Heffron’s book connected everyday teaching to a field that bridges human culture and natural science. Her ideas gave teachers a practical toolkit to make the world vivid on the classroom chalkboard, turning simple white lines into whole continents of imagination.

— read by 'V' —
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