Frances Arnold pioneered the process of directed evolution — mimicking natural selection to create new enzymes that have changed everything from agriculture to laundry. <ul><li>SOURCES:<ul><li><a href="https://cce.caltech.edu/people/frances-h-arnold">Frances Arnold</a>, professor of chemistry at the California Institute of Technology. </li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>RESOURCES: <ul><li>"<a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/10/arnold-lecture.pdf">Innovation by Evolution: Bringing New Chemistry to Life</a>," by Frances Arnold (Nobel Lecture, 2018).</li><li>"<a href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/2114054-bacteria-taught-to-bond-carbon-and-silicon-for-the-first-time/">Bacteria taught to bond carbon and silicon for the first time</a>," by Aviva Rutkin (New Scientist, 2016).</li><li>"<a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aah6219">Directed evolution of cytochrome c for carbon–silicon bond formation: Bringing silicon to life</a>," by S. B. Jennifer Kan, Russell D. Lewis, Kai Chen, and Frances H. Arnold (Science, 2016).</li><li>"<a href="https://slate.com/technology/2013/03/directed-evolution-frances-arnold-engineers-green-chemistry-molecules.html">The Director of Evolution</a>," by Jennifer Ouellette (Slate, 2013).</li><li>"<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21515217/">Engineered ketol-acid reductoisomerase and alcohol dehydrogenase enable anaerobic 2-methylpropan-1-ol production at theoretical yield in Escherichia coli</a>," by Sabine Bastian, Xiang Liu, Joseph T. Meyerowitz, Christopher D. Snow, Mike M. Y. Chen, and Frances H. Arnold (Metabolic Engineering, 2011).</li><li><a href="https://gevo.com/">Gevo</a>.</li><li><a href="https://www.provivi.com/en">Provivi</a>.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>EXTRAS:<ul><li>"<a href="https://freakonomics.com/podcast/how-to-help-kids-succeed/">How to Help Kids Succeed</a>," by People I (Mostly) Admire (2025).</li><li><a href="https://www.thelevittlab.com/">The Levitt Lab</a>.</li></ul></li></ul> Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See <a href="https://pcm.adswizz.com">pcm.adswizz.com</a> for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

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